Gifshell.php - A new attack technique called ‘GIFShell’ allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for novel phishing attacks and covertly executing commands to steal data using GIFs. The new attack ...

 
Sep 12, 2022 · GIFShell is attacking Microsoft Teams users by making them download malicious files on their system via GIFs. A new malware attack has been surfacing over the past few weeks. GIFShell was created to intercept Microsoft Teams and execute phishing attacks using GIFs. Although many people enjoy a good GIF to lighten up in the middle of the work ... . Picture books for grades 4 6

Sep 20, 2022 · September 20, 2022 - TuxCare expert team. A new ‘GIFShell” attack technique exploits bugs and vulnerabilities in Microsoft Teams to abuse legitimate Microsoft infrastructure, execute malicious files, execute commands, and exfiltrate data. According to Bobby Rauch, the cybersecurity consultant and pentester who discovered the hidden ... The newly published GIFShell attack method, which occurs through Microsoft Teams, is a perfect example of how threat actors can exploit legitimate features Organizations and security teams work to protect themselves from any vulnerability, and often don't realize that risk is also brought on by configurations in their SaaS apps that have not ...The GifShell Attack Method. Discovered by Bobby Rauch, the GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. This attack method requires a device or user that is already compromised.Open the GIFShell Python script, and edit instances of the burp_url variable with the URL from Step #2 Open the Microsoft Teams chat associated with the webhook created by the attacker, in the authenticated browser session running Microsoft Teams as the attackerThe main component of this attack is called ' GIFShell ,' which allows an attacker to create a reverse shell that delivers malicious commands via base64 encoded GIFs in Teams, and exfiltrates the output through GIFs retrieved by Microsoft's own infrastructure. To create this reverse shell, the attacker must first convince a user to install a ...2.6M subscribers in the hacking community. A subreddit dedicated to hacking and hackers. Constructive collaboration and learning about exploits… What is gifwebshell.php? gifwebshell.php - GIF webshell type 1, where the server only checks whether or not the magic GIF [GIF89a] bytes are present in the file. here i took a random gif, added php code inside it and added __halt_compiler() to make things simpler in the end. This repo is to just make my life easier kek. Sep 9, 2022 · Balaji N. -. September 9, 2022. A cybersecurity consultant and pentester, Bobby Rauch recently discovered that threat actors are abusing Microsoft Teams by executing phishing attacks using a new attack technique known as GIFshell. Using GIFs to execute covert commands for the purpose of stealing data. With the use of this new method, attackers ... Sep 8, 2022 · GIFShell attack creates reverse shell using Microsoft Teams GIFs A new attack technique called 'GIFShell' allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for novel phishing attacks and covertly ... GIFShell attack creates reverse shell using Microsoft Teams GIFs A new attack technique called 'GIFShell' allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for novel phishing attacks and covertly ...GIFShell attack creates reverse shell using Microsoft Teams GIFs... 🌐 🕵️ A new attack technique called ‘GIFShell’ allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for novel phishing attacks and covertly executing commands to steal data using ...The main component of this attack is called 'GIFShell,' which allows an attacker to create a reverse shell that delivers malicious commands via base64 encoded GIFs in Teams, and exfiltrates the output through GIFs retrieved by Microsoft's own infrastructure.CMS: WordPress Server IP: 162.0.209.249 Root: /home/wasemicc/Pehligalli.com Directory: home/wasemicc/Pehligalli.comJun 20, 2023 · The GIFShell attack is a novel technique that allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for phishing attacks and covertly executing commands to steal data using GIFs. The attack exploits a series of vulnerabilities and flaws in Microsoft Teams, using the platform’s legitimate infrastructure to deliver malicious files and commands, and ... {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Uploads":{"items":[{"name":"jpeg","path":"Uploads/jpeg","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"mp4","path":"Uploads ...The new attack is called GIFShell and it installs malware on your computer to steal data. It does so by sneaking itself into innocent-looking GIFs and then waiting for you to share the GIF with ...These allowed, potentially unsafe URI schemes, combined with the lack of permissions enforcement and attachment spoofing vulnerabilities, can allow for a One Click RCE via NTLM relay in Microsoft ...Sep 19, 2022 · Discovered by Bobby Rauch, the GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. This attack method requires a device or user that is already compromised. 4.6K subscribers in the purpleteamsec community. Dedicated to Red Teaming, Purple Teaming, Threat Hunting, Blue Teaming and Threat Intelligence.GIFShell – un shell inversé via les GIF. La nouvelle chaîne d’attaque a été découverte par un consultant en cybersécurité et pentester Bobby Rauch qui a trouvé de nombreuses vulnérabilités ou failles dans Microsoft Teams qui peuvent être enchaînées pour l’exécution de commandes, l’exfiltration de données, les ...4.6K subscribers in the purpleteamsec community. Dedicated to Red Teaming, Purple Teaming, Threat Hunting, Blue Teaming and Threat Intelligence. The newly published GIFShell attack method, which occurs through Microsoft Teams, is a perfect example of how threat actors can exploit legitimate features Organizations and security teams work to protect themselves from any vulnerability, and often don't realize that risk is also brought on by configurations in their SaaS apps that have not ...BleepingComputer.com is a premier destination for computer users of all skill levels to learn how to use and receive support for their computer. GIFShell – un shell inversé via les GIF. La nouvelle chaîne d’attaque a été découverte par un consultant en cybersécurité et pentester Bobby Rauch qui a trouvé de nombreuses vulnérabilités ou failles dans Microsoft Teams qui peuvent être enchaînées pour l’exécution de commandes, l’exfiltration de données, les ...Sep 11, 2022 · Steps: Open the Python script, and edit instances of the token variable with the skypetoken_asm cookie value from your authenticated browser session running Microsoft Teams as the attacker. Open Microsoft Teams as an attacker, and create a new chat with the victim. Look at the network traffic, and extract the Teams URL of this conversation. The newly published GIFShell attack method, which occurs through Microsoft Teams, is a perfect example of how threat actors can exploit legitimate features and configurations that haven't been correctly set. This article takes a look at what the method entails and the steps needed to combat it.GIFSHELL presenta ser más peligroso de lo que se creía para los usuarios de Microsoft Teams. En este punto de este proceso de infección por parte del malware GIFSHELL, los GIF que han infectado se cargan automáticamente y posteriormente activan un enlace web para confirmar al ataque, mismo que el acceso malicioso se encuentra disponible.Sep 9, 2022 · The main component of this attack is called ‘ GIFShell ,’ which allows an attacker to create a reverse shell that delivers malicious commands via base64 encoded GIFs in Teams, and exfiltrates the output through GIFs retrieved by Microsoft’s own infrastructure. To create this reverse shell, the attacker must first convince a user to ... This attack named GIFShell would allow hackers to use Microsoft Teams to steal user data. They exploit no less than seven vulnerabilities in the collaborative communication application to not only steal personal data, but also to execute commands. Nothing out of the ordinary so far.Sep 12, 2022 · GIFShell: un caparazón inverso a través de GIF La nueva cadena de ataque fue descubierta por el consultor de seguridad cibernética y pentester Bobby Rauch , quien encontró numerosas vulnerabilidades o fallas en los equipos de Microsoft que se pueden encadenar para la ejecución de comandos, la exfiltración de datos, las omisiones del ... Open the GIFShell Python script, and edit instances of the burp_url variable with the URL from Step #2 Open the Microsoft Teams chat associated with the webhook created by the attacker, in the authenticated browser session running Microsoft Teams as the attackerIntroduction OpenGrok, created by Oracle, is an open source search and cross reference engine. It helps programmers search, cross-reference and navigate source code trees to aid code comprehension ... The GifShell Attack Method. Discovered by Bobby Rauch, the GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. This attack method requires a device or user that is already compromised.Learn More . A cybersecurity consultant has discovered a new attack chain that leverages GIF images in Microsoft Teams to execute arbitrary commands on the target’s machine. The exploit uncovered...The GIFShell attack is a technique designed to give hackers the ability to take advantage of features found in Microsoft Teams. It acts as a C&C malware that steals data by the use of GIFs without ...The GIFShell PowerShell stager, executed on the victim’s machine (found in the Github repo linked above) Two Microsoft Azure Organizations or Tenants. The attacker organization or tenant should ...This allows the GIFShell attack to covertly exfiltrate data by mixing the output of their commands with legitimate Microsoft Teams network communication. Even worse, as Microsoft Teams runs as a background process, it does not even need to be opened by the user to receive the attacker's commands to execute.Sep 19, 2022 · The message inside the GIF is kept in Team’s log files, reviewed by the stager monitor, and executes the commands on the device. The GIFShell Proof-of-Concept takes the output of the ran commands and converts it to a Base64 text. The stager will then exploit the text to create a GIF file and maintain it as an MS Teams Survey Card. Replicating a GIFShell attack. This attack simulation only replicated the steps required for the researcher to see the attack at the API level: Send the victim a short message to intercept the request. Use the intercepted request and modified body to send a GIF containing the command. The researcher sent the opening message, and extracted the ...The GIFShell PoC takes the output of the executed commands and converts it toBase64 text. The stager leverages this text to create a GIF file and keeps that as a Microsoft Teams Survey Card. The attacker creates a URL request for a GIF, which is the same name as the GIF file created by the stager.The GIFShell PoC takes the output of the executed commands and converts it toBase64 text. The stager leverages this text to create a GIF file and keeps that as a Microsoft Teams Survey Card. The attacker creates a URL request for a GIF, which is the same name as the GIF file created by the stager.{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Uploads":{"items":[{"name":"jpeg","path":"Uploads/jpeg","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"mp4","path":"Uploads ...Sep 9, 2022 · Como dijimos anteriormente, el ataque GIFShell requiere la instalación de un ejecutable que ejecute los comandos recibidos dentro de los GIF. Para ayudar en esto, Rauch descubrió las fallas de Microsoft Teams que le permitían enviar archivos maliciosos a los usuarios de Teams pero falsificarlos para que parecieran imágenes inofensivas en ... Sep 9, 2022 · Microsoft Teams has vulnerabilities that have not been patched, potentially allowing attackers to run GIFShell attacks on users. By. Luke Jones - September 9, 2022 5:13 pm CEST. Facebook. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Uploads":{"items":[{"name":"jpeg","path":"Uploads/jpeg","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"mp4","path":"Uploads ...25. ObviouslyTriggered • 1 mo. ago. It doesn’t matter if the gif was validated or not you could encode the C2 messages into a valid gif using stego or any other encoding technique other than simply pushing ascii bytes directly. This is a pretty contrived side channel attack. 17. phormix • 1 mo. ago. Agreed.Sep 21, 2022 · The GifShell Attack Method. Discovered by Bobby Rauch, the GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. This attack method requires a device or user that is already compromised. web shells and web shell related stuff which i wrote which i use during challenges and stuff. - webshellstuff/gifshell.php at main · 0x0elliot/webshellstuffThe GIFShell Powershell stager, executed on the victim’s machine Two Microsoft Azure Organizations or Tenants. The attacker organization or tenant should have at least 2 users, and the victim organization should have at least 1 user.Sep 9, 2022 · The main component of this attack is called ‘ GIFShell ,’ which allows an attacker to create a reverse shell that delivers malicious commands via base64 encoded GIFs in Teams, and exfiltrates the output through GIFs retrieved by Microsoft’s own infrastructure. To create this reverse shell, the attacker must first convince a user to ... The GIFShell server activated on the attacker’s server will receive the request and decode the filename and display the output from the victim’s machine. This attack chain allows the GIFShell attack to covertly execute commands and exfiltrate data. This is done by mixing the output of commands with legitimate Microsoft Teams network traffic ... As Microsoft Teams renders flash cards for the user, Microsoft’s servers will connect back to the attacker’s server URL to retrieve the GIF, which is named using the base64 encoded output of the executed command, resulting in the response’s output being successfully delivered to the GIFShell server running on the attacker’s server.To make the shell exploit happen, attackers need a standard gif image specially crafted to include commands that will execute on a user’s machine. This image is sent to the victim via Teams and is automatically stored on the device. At this point, a separate piece of malware sits waiting for the arrival of the tainted gif that it uses to ...{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Uploads":{"items":[{"name":"jpeg","path":"Uploads/jpeg","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"mp4","path":"Uploads ...Aug 24, 2022 · The GIFShell PowerShell stager, executed on the victim’s machine (found in the Github repo linked above) Two Microsoft Azure Organizations or Tenants. The attacker organization or tenant should ... Seeing the crafted GIF it will then extract that base64 code and execute and extract the text. This text will point back to a remote GIF which is embedded in Teams Survey cards. Due to how these ...This attack uses the base64 encoded section of a gif name written to a public log file to execute commands for malware you have to have loaded some other way. So ya if you have complete control of someone else’s computer, now you know that the log file for teams gif’s is accessible to the public. They could also just put the command you ...The GIFShell server activated on the attacker’s server will receive the request and decode the filename and display the output from the victim’s machine. This attack chain allows the GIFShell attack to covertly execute commands and exfiltrate data. This is done by mixing the output of commands with legitimate Microsoft Teams network traffic ...Sep 19, 2022 · Discovered by Bobby Rauch, the GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. This attack method requires a device or user that is already compromised. Sep 8, 2022 · The main component of this attack is called 'GIFShell,' which allows an attacker to create a reverse shell that delivers malicious commands via base64 encoded GIFs in Teams, and exfiltrates the output through GIFs retrieved by Microsoft's own infrastructure. Once the stager is in place, a threat actor would create their own Microsoft Teams ... Sep 9, 2022 · Balaji N. -. September 9, 2022. A cybersecurity consultant and pentester, Bobby Rauch recently discovered that threat actors are abusing Microsoft Teams by executing phishing attacks using a new attack technique known as GIFshell. Using GIFs to execute covert commands for the purpose of stealing data. With the use of this new method, attackers ... Threat Actors could exploit GIFs in Microsoft Teams to conduct phishing attacks, exfiltrate data, bypass security controls, and perform command execution via a novel attack technique dubbed “GIFShell.”. The new attack technique chains together multiple security vulnerabilities in Microsoft Teams to compromise potential victims. The primary ...Sep 14, 2022 · The GIFShell PoC takes the output of the executed commands and converts it toBase64 text. The stager leverages this text to create a GIF file and keeps that as a Microsoft Teams Survey Card. The attacker creates a URL request for a GIF, which is the same name as the GIF file created by the stager. Jun 20, 2023 · The GIFShell attack is a novel technique that allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for phishing attacks and covertly executing commands to steal data using GIFs. The attack exploits a series of vulnerabilities and flaws in Microsoft Teams, using the platform’s legitimate infrastructure to deliver malicious files and commands, and ... Steps: Open the Python script, and edit instances of the token variable with the skypetoken_asm cookie value from your authenticated browser session running Microsoft Teams as the attacker. Open Microsoft Teams as an attacker, and create a new chat with the victim. Look at the network traffic, and extract the Teams URL of this conversation.The Short Story. GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. The technique assumes an already-compromised target. The GIFShell attack is a technique designed to give hackers the ability to take advantage of features found in Microsoft Teams. It acts as a C&C malware that steals data by the use of GIFs without ...Security News > 2022 > September > Microsoft Teams' GIFShell Attack: What Is It and How You Can Protect Yourself from It 2022-09-19 12:00 The newly published GIFShell attack method, which occurs through Microsoft Teams, is a perfect example of how threat actors can exploit legitimate features and configurations that haven't been correctly set.{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"PoCs/gifshell":{"items":[{"name":"Example.gif","path":"PoCs/gifshell/Example.gif","contentType":"file"},{"name ...The main component of this attack is called ' GIFShell ,' which allows an attacker to create a reverse shell that delivers malicious commands via base64 encoded GIFs in Teams, and exfiltrates the output through GIFs retrieved by Microsoft's own infrastructure. To create this reverse shell, the attacker must first convince a user to install a ...GIFShell attack creates reverse shell using Microsoft Teams GIFs... 🌐 🕵️ A new attack technique called ‘GIFShell’ allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for novel phishing attacks and covertly executing commands to steal data using ...GIFShell attack creates reverse shell using Microsoft Teams GIFsLearn More . A cybersecurity consultant has discovered a new attack chain that leverages GIF images in Microsoft Teams to execute arbitrary commands on the target’s machine. The exploit uncovered...A new attack technique called ‘GIFShell’ allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for novel phishing attacks and covertly executing commands to steal data using GIFs. The new attack ...This led Rauch to the discovery of the new GIFShell attack chain. This attack’s primary tool is referred to as “GIFShell,” and it enables an attacker to build a reverse shell that sends malicious commands via base64-encoded GIFs in Teams. This exfiltrates the output using GIFs retrieved by Microsoft’s own infrastructure.GIFShell attack creates reverse shell using Microsoft Teams GIFsSep 21, 2022 · The GifShell Attack Method. Discovered by Bobby Rauch, the GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. This attack method requires a device or user that is already compromised. Sep 13, 2022 · GIFs were being used by hackers to breach security and deliver malicious files on the devices of Microsoft Teams users. The novel technique called GIFShell exploited the existing vulnerabilities ... The GIFShell attackis an original strategy that permits danger entertainers to manhandle Microsoft Groups for phishing attacks and secretly executing orders to take information utilizing GIFs. The attack takes advantage of a progression of weaknesses and defects in Microsoft Groups, utilizing the stage’s genuine framework to convey pernicious ...Isso permite que o ataque GIFShell extraia dados secretamente, misturando a saída de seus comandos com a comunicação de rede legítima do Microsoft Teams. Pior ainda, como o Microsoft Teams é executado em segundo plano, ele nem precisa ser aberto pelo usuário para receber os comandos do invasor para executar.Open the GIFShell Python script, and edit instances of the burp_url variable with the URL from Step #2 Open the Microsoft Teams chat associated with the webhook created by the attacker, in the authenticated browser session running Microsoft Teams as the attacker {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Uploads":{"items":[{"name":"jpeg","path":"Uploads/jpeg","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"mp4","path":"Uploads ...Sep 14, 2022 · The GIFShell PoC takes the output of the executed commands and converts it toBase64 text. The stager leverages this text to create a GIF file and keeps that as a Microsoft Teams Survey Card. The attacker creates a URL request for a GIF, which is the same name as the GIF file created by the stager. GIFShell is attacking Microsoft Teams users by making them download malicious files on their system via GIFs. A new malware attack has been surfacing over the past few weeks. GIFShell was created to intercept Microsoft Teams and execute phishing attacks using GIFs. Although many people enjoy a good GIF to lighten up in the middle of the work ...What is gifwebshell.php? gifwebshell.php - GIF webshell type 1, where the server only checks whether or not the magic GIF [GIF89a] bytes are present in the file. here i took a random gif, added php code inside it and added __halt_compiler() to make things simpler in the end. This repo is to just make my life easier kek.The Short Story. GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. The technique assumes an already-compromised target.Sep 12, 2022 · The GIFShell PoC can then use the output and convert it to base64 text, and use that as a filename for a remote .GIF, embedded in a Microsoft Teams Survey Card. The stager then submits that card ... A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior.These allowed, potentially unsafe URI schemes, combined with the lack of permissions enforcement and attachment spoofing vulnerabilities, can allow for a One Click RCE via NTLM relay in Microsoft ...New Cyber Technologies. September 14, 2022. Cyware Alerts - Hacker News. A new attack technique, GIFShell, has surfaced that allows an attacker to abuse Microsoft Teams. The attackers can use this technique in phishing attacks and execute commands using GIFs.A cybersecurity consultant and pentester, Bobby Rauch recently discovered that threat actors are abusing Microsoft Teams by executing phishing attacks using a new attack technique known as GIFshell. Using GIFs to execute covert commands for the purpose of stealing data. With the use of this new method, attackers can create complex attacks that exploit a …

The newly published GIFShell attack method, which occurs through Microsoft Teams, is a perfect example of how threat actors can exploit legitimate features Organizations and security teams work to protect themselves from any vulnerability, and often don't realize that risk is also brought on by configurations in their SaaS apps that have not .... Back

gifshell.php

{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Uploads":{"items":[{"name":"jpeg","path":"Uploads/jpeg","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"mp4","path":"Uploads ... The GifShell Attack Method. Discovered by Bobby Rauch, the GIFShell attack technique enables bad actors to exploit several Microsoft Teams features to act as a C&C for malware, and exfiltrate data using GIFs without being detected by EDR and other network monitoring tools. This attack method requires a device or user that is already compromised.This led Rauch to the discovery of the new GIFShell attack chain. This attack’s primary tool is referred to as “GIFShell,” and it enables an attacker to build a reverse shell that sends malicious commands via base64-encoded GIFs in Teams. This exfiltrates the output using GIFs retrieved by Microsoft’s own infrastructure.What is gifwebshell.php? gifwebshell.php - GIF webshell type 1, where the server only checks whether or not the magic GIF [GIF89a] bytes are present in the file. here i took a random gif, added php code inside it and added __halt_compiler() to make things simpler in the end. This repo is to just make my life easier kek. A new attack technique called ‘GIFShell’ allows threat actors to abuse Microsoft Teams for novel phishing attacks and covertly executing commands to steal data using ... GIFs. The new attack scenario, shared exclusively with BleepingComputer, illustrates how attackers can string together...The West Virginia Department of Education is a government agency that oversees the public school system in West Virginia, which is responsible for the education of more than 273,000 students in more than 700 schools with 20,000 teachers. Our goal is to provide a statewide system of education that ensures all students graduate from high school prepared for success in college and/or careers.The GIFShell PoC takes the output of the executed commands and converts it toBase64 text. The stager leverages this text to create a GIF file and keeps that as a Microsoft Teams Survey Card. The attacker creates a URL request for a GIF, which is the same name as the GIF file created by the stager.Aug 24, 2022 · The GIFShell PowerShell stager, executed on the victim’s machine (found in the Github repo linked above) Two Microsoft Azure Organizations or Tenants. The attacker organization or tenant should ... The new attack is called GIFShell and it installs malware on your computer to steal data. It does so by sneaking itself into innocent-looking GIFs and then waiting for you to share the GIF with ...2.6M subscribers in the hacking community. A subreddit dedicated to hacking and hackers. Constructive collaboration and learning about exploits…Sep 15, 2022 · by Gianna on September 15, 2022. It’s a well-known fact that collaboration tools also come with unique security risks, like users inadvertently sharing malicious files. Last week yet another more insidious risk became public knowledge. One of the most popular and arguably the most shared image file types, .gif, is being weaponized to create a ... Open the GIFShell Python script, and edit instances of the burp_url variable with the URL from Step #2 Open the Microsoft Teams chat associated with the webhook created by the attacker, in the authenticated browser session running Microsoft Teams as the attacker.

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